Iobenguane Sulfate I 131 Injection Diagnostic package insert. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Report on the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, NUREG-1250. Of these products, 131I (Iodine-131) is one of the most common and is particularly dangerous to the thyroid gland because it may lead to thyroid cancer. Chronic overexposure can have adverse effects on the thyroid. Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. One such example is the synthesis of aryl iodides from the diazonium salts of arenes. Need Potassium Iodide 5% w/v? The ingestion of goitrogen drugs is, much like potassium iodide also not without its dangers, such as hypothyroidism. Neither SSKI or KI tablets are used as nutritional supplements, since the nutritional requirement for iodine is only 150 micrograms (0.15 mg) of iodide per day. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Physical Properties. The use of KI...was credited with permissible iodine content in 97% of the evacuees tested. 1956]. It is conventionally rounded to 50 mg per drop. The atomic mass of potassium is 39.0983 u. Reactivity Profile Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks potassium iodide [Mellor 2, Supp. However, in the event of a radioiodine release too massive and widespread to be controlled by the limited stock of iodide and iodate prophylaxis drugs, then the addition of perchlorate ions to the water supply, or distribution of perchlorate tablets would serve as a cheap, efficacious, second line of defense against carcinogenic radioiodine bioaccumulation. 106 In 40 CFR §180.940, residues of chemical substances (such as potassium iodide) are exempted from the 107 requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an The test results showed that potassium iodide did not induced DNA damage or cytotoxicity in the alkaline comet assay for doses up to 10 mM. Reactions. Plumbous iodide is commonly produced by a double displacement reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide in water. 5 Precautions. Potassium iodide is a metal iodide salt with a K (+) counterion. Potassium iodate is produced by the electrochemical reaction of elemental iodine with potassium hydroxide (KOH): 3I2 + 6KOH =3D KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2O Iodine is dissolved in potassium hydroxide solution and the potassium iodide so obtained is electrolytically oxidised in an annular flow cell. [3] It is given by mouth. 5th Edition. Potassium is a soft, silvery-white metal, member of the alkali group of the periodic chart. The anti-radioiodine doses used for 131I uptake blockade are lower, and range downward from 100  mg a day for an adult, to less than this for children (see table). 12.3. [4] Other side effects include allergic reactions, headache, goitre, and depression. Elsievier Publishing, US Food and Drug Administration, FDA Talk Paper: Guidance on Protection Against Thyroid Cancer in Case of a Nuclear Accident, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Assessment of the Use of Potassium Iodide (KI) As a Public Protective Action During Severe Reactor Accidents Quoting Thyroid Cancer in Children of Belarus Following the Chernobyl Accident, NUREG-1633, United Nations: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Chernobyl, a Continuing Catastrophe, New York and Geneva, 2000, World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/potassium-iodide-thyroid-blocking-agent-radiation-emergencies, "43-2035 AdreView Panel PI 091908:Layout 1", https://web.archive.org/web/20111007202042/https://www.eanm.org/scientific_info/guidelines/gl_radio_ther_benzyl.pdf?PHPSESSID=46d05b62d235c36a12166bf939b656c7, "Guidelines for Iodine Prophylaxis following Nuclear Accidents", "Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies", https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/ki.htm, "POTASSIUM IODIDE - ORAL (SSKI) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions", "Iodide as a Fluorescence Quencher and Promoter—Mechanisms and Possible Implications", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Iodide prophylaxis in Poland after the chernobyl reactor accident: Benefits and risks", "Vegetables near stricken plant test high for radiation", six questions about a half of million iodine pills, "REQUEST FOR INFORMATION:CRITICAL FOREIGN DEPENDENCIES", "Potassium Iodide Dosage Guidelines & Frequently Asked Questions", "Potassium Iodide: An Antidote for Radiation Exposure", "Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis", "Successful therapy of refractory erythema nodosum associated with Crohn's disease using potassium iodide", World Health Organization's guidelines for iodine prophylaxis following a nuclear accident, Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassium_iodide&oldid=998383668, World Health Organization essential medicines, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012, Articles with dead external links from July 2020, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, iOSAT, SSKI, ThyroSafe, ThyroShield, others, Saturated solutions of potassium iodide can be an emergency treatment for, Iodide solutions made from a few drops of SSKI added to drinks have also been used as, Potassium iodide has been used for symptomatic treatment of. OSHA Vacated PELs: Potassium iodide: No OSHA Vacated PELs are listed for this chemical. [12] Potassium iodate (KIO3) is used to add iodine to some salts so that the iodine is not lost by oxidation. It has a highly bitter, saline taste. On the other hand, potassium iodide is a chemical compound that forms from the combination of iodine and potassium. This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 03:49. 1:164, 165. Iodine has been introduced into metallurgical processes for the production of certain transition metals in a high state of purity, among them titanium, zirconium, thorium, chromium, and cobalt. [4] [5] As a supplement it is used in … [citation needed]. Calcium iodide (chemical formula CaI 2) is the ionic compound of calcium and iodine.This colourless deliquescent solid is a salt that is highly soluble in water. It can help in shrinking the size of the thyroid gland and also decreases the number of thyroid hormones produced. 1272/2008 nor Directive 67/548/EEC. "[21] For optimal prevention, KI must be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodine by either inhalation or ingestion no longer exists. Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, I − is easily oxidised to I 2 by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine: 2 KI(aq) + Cl 2 (aq) → 2 KCl + I 2 (aq) Even air will oxidize iodide as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when KI is rinsed with dichloromethane. It is used to avoid the loss of iodine due to oxidation from salts. [citation needed] As noted, the equivalent two drops of SSKI (equaling the dose of one KI pill) may be used for this purpose, if the pills are not available. As a medication it is used to treat hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and to protect the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Potassium iodide, 7681-11-0. Air will oxidize iodide, as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when aged samples of KI are rinsed with dichloromethane. "[17], With the passage of time, people living in irradiated areas where KI was not available have developed thyroid cancer at epidemic levels, which is why the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported "The data clearly demonstrate the risks of thyroid radiation... KI can be used [to] provide safe and effective protection against thyroid cancer caused by irradiation. It may also be mixed into much larger volumes of juices. KI (potassium iodide) is a salt of stable (not radioactive) iodine that can help block radioactive iodine from being absorbed by the thyroid gland, thus protecting this gland from radiation injury. Saturated solution of Potassium Iodide (SSKI) is used pharmaceutically for emergency use in patients experiencing acute symptoms of severe hyperthyroidism (also known as thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis). Water (7732 -18 -5) Persistence and degradability Not established. Iodide salts are mild reducing agents and many react with oxygen to give iodine. Potassium iodide and silver nitrate are used to make silver(I) iodide, which is used for high speed photographic film and for cloud-seeding: KI serves as a source of iodide in organic synthesis. It has a role as a radical scavenger and an expectorant. Saturated solution of Potassium Iodide (SSKI) is used pharmaceutically for emergency use in patients experiencing acute symptoms of severe hyperthyroidism (also known as thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis). [15], Not all sources are in agreement on the necessary duration of thyroid blockade, although agreement appears to have been reached about the necessity of blockade for both scintigraphic and therapeutic applications of iobenguane. [4] In the developing world it is also used to treat skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. Potassium iodide can be conveniently prepared as a saturated solution, abbreviated SSKI. Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. Aqueous KI3, "Lugol's solution", is used as a disinfectant and as an etchant for gold surfaces. [52] Because the volumes of KI and water are approximately additive, the resulting SSKI solution will contain about 1.00 gram (1000 mg) KI per milliliter (mL) of solution. Emergency 130 milligrams potassium iodide doses provide 100 mg iodide (the other 30 mg is the potassium in the compound), which is roughly 700 times larger than the normal nutritional need (see recommended dietary allowance) for iodine, which is 150 micrograms (0.15 mg) of iodine (as iodide) per day for an adult. It has a density of 0.86 g.cm -3 at 0°C. More severe side effects that require notification of a physician are: fever, weakness, unusual tiredness, swelling in the neck or throat, mouth sores, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling of the hands or feet, or a metallic taste in the mouth. Sodium Bicarbonate (144 -55 -8) Persistence and degradability Not established. Tablets of potassium iodide are supplied for emergency purposes related to blockade of radioiodine uptake, a common form of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by the short-lived fission product 131I. Potassium iodide is a metal-halide salt featuring an ionic bond between the potassium cation (K+) and the iodide anion (I–). Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. [9] Some of the earliest uses included for syphilis.[9]. The recommended standard (daily) dose of KI for all school-age children is the same (65 mg). It is a corrosion inhibitor/acid intensifier in oilfield gas production3-4, used in x-ray filmsowing to luminescence properties5, LCD manufacturingas a polarizer6, nylon stabilizer7, trace mineral in animal feeds and/or dietary supplement and food additive8. Potassium iodide behaves as a simple ionic salt, K+I−. Dextrose or sodium thiosulfate are often added to iodized table salt to stabilize potassium iodide thus reducing loss of the volatile chemical.[13]. [9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. [18] Iodine-131 iobenguane used for therapeutic purposes requires a different pre-medication duration, beginning 24–48 hours prior to iobenguane injection and continuing 10–15 days following injection. This compound is prepared by iodine and mixing potassium hydroxide. 2nd ed. However, since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive iodide, it is common to administer non-radioactive potassium iodide to ensure that iodide from these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by the normal affinity of the thyroid for iodide. [10] Potassium iodide is available as a generic medication and over the counter. Potassium Iodide Iodine forms compounds with many elements, but it is less reactive … For the latter, it is the most common additive used to "iodize" table salt (a public health measure to prevent iodine deficiency in populations that get little seafood). It is given by mouth. In the developing world it is also used to treat skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. Over 11,000 cases have already been reported. Uses. [24], The World Health Organization does not recommend KI prophylaxis for adults over 40 years, unless the radiation dose from inhaled radioiodine is expected to threaten thyroid function, because the KI side effects increase with age and may exceed the KI protective effects; "...unless doses to the thyroid from inhalation rise to levels threatening thyroid function, that is of the order of about 5 Gy. "[42], These findings were consistent with studies of the effects of previous radioactivity releases. The key difference between iodine and potassium iodide is that iodine is a chemical element whereas potassium iodide is a chemical compound.. Iodine is a halogen that locates in group 17 of the periodic table of elements.On the other hand, potassium iodide is a chemical compound that forms from the combination of iodine and potassium. Centers for decease control and prevention |, McCance; Huether. A typical tablet weighs 160 mg, with 130 mg of potassium iodide and 30 mg of excipients, such as binding agents. The key difference between iodine and potassium iodide is that iodine is a chemical element whereas potassium iodide is a chemical compound. Potassium iodide cannot protect against any other mechanisms of radiation poisoning, nor can it provide any degree of protection against dirty bombs that produce radionuclides other than those of iodine. The term SSKI is also used, especially by pharmacists, to refer to a U.S.P. Today, nearly half (44.8%) the survivors of Nagasaki studied have identifiable thyroid disease, with an editorial in The Journal of the American Medical Association reporting "it is remarkable that a biological effect from a single brief environmental exposure nearly 60 years in the past is still present and can be detected. Belongs to the Following Reactive Group (s) Naval air crew members flying within 70 nautical miles of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant damaged in the earthquake (8.9/9.0 magnitude) and ensuing tsunami on March 11, 2011. However, for several fluorophores addition of KI in μM-mM concentrations results in increase of fluorescence intensity, and iodide acts as fluorescence enhancer.[31]. Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, I− is easily oxidised to I2 by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine: This reaction is employed in the isolation of iodine from natural sources. This compound is used as an iodide source in several organic synthesis reactions. Within ten years of the accident, it became clear that thyroid damage caused by released radioactive iodine was virtually the only adverse health effect that could be measured. In a small study on human subjects, who for each of their 90-day trial, ingested four 20 milligram tetraglycine hydroperiodide (TGHP) water tablets, with each tablet releasing 8 milligrams (ppm) of free titratable iodine;[29] it was found that the biological uptake of radioactive iodine in these human subjects dropped to, and remained at, a value of less than 2% the radioiodine uptake rate of that observed in control subjects who went fully exposed to radioiodine without treatment.[30]. Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. Contents. .. Required fields are marked *. It helps to filter out chlorides, bromides, fluorides, and mercury from cells and tissues. Potassium iodide is a possible teratogen. Potassium iodide's (KI) value as a radiation protective (thyroid blocking) agent was demonstrated following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster in April, 1986, a saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) was administered to 10.5 million children and 7 million adults in Poland[25][38] as a preventative measure against accumulation of radioactive 131I in the thyroid gland. Through this reaction, iodine is used in redox titrations. At 20 degrees Celsius the solubility of KI is 140-148 grams per 100 grams of water. KI (potassium iodide) is a stable (not radioactive) iodine salt that can help prevent the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland, thus shielding this gland from radiation injury. In 2017, the Dutch government distributed pills to hundreds of thousands of residents who lived within a certain distance of nuclear power plants and met some other criteria. Serious side effects of Potassium Iodide include: allergic reactions (skin rashes such as hives; swelling of various parts of the body, such as the face, lips, tongue, neck, hands or feet; fever with joint pain, difficulty breathing, speaking or swallowing, wheezing or shortness of breath). [3], Potassium iodide is used as a nutritional supplement in animal feeds and also in the human diet. [4], Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. Henri Moissan first isolated pure calcium in 1898 by … Due to its high potassium content, SSKI is extremely bitter, and if possible it is administered in a sugar cube or small ball of bread. However, adolescents approaching adult size (i.e., >70 kg [154 lbs]) should receive the full adult dose (130 mg) for maximal block of thyroid radioiodine uptake. This method of delivering potassium iodide does not require a method to weigh out the potassium iodide so it can be used in an emergency situation. It is one of the most effective and safe medicines required in a health system and is in the list of the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. ... potassium;molecular iodine;iodide. Its melting point is 680°C (1256°F, 954 Kelvin) and its boiling point is 1330°C (2426°F). Iodine, silver iodide, and potassium iodide are used in photography. It has a strong, bitter taste reminiscent of table salt (NaCl). Thus, a drop of SSKI provides 50/0.15 = 333 times the daily iodine requirement, and a standard KI tablet provides twice this much. [26], There have been some reports of potassium iodide treatment causing swelling of the parotid gland (one of the three glands that secrete saliva), due to its stimulatory effects on saliva production.[27]. According to one 2000 study "KI administered up to 48 h before 131I exposure can almost completely block thyroid uptake and therefore greatly reduce the thyroid absorbed dose. Potassium iodide SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1. The boiling point and melting point of the compound are 1,330 0 C and 681 0 C respectively. Kowalsky RJ, Falen, SW. Radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Pharmacy and Nuclear Medicine. "[20] Consequently, far more people than anticipated were affected by the radiation, which caused the United Nations to report in 2002 that "The number of people with thyroid cancer... has exceeded expectations. KI is also used as a fluorescence quenching agent in biomedical research, an application that takes advantage of collisional quenching of fluorescent substances by the iodide ion. It is also used in cat food as a source of iodine.. A useful application is in the preparation of aryl iodides from arenediazonium salts. [45], In the Netherlands, the central storage of iodine-pills is located in Zoetermeer, near The Hague. Potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO 3) are the usual fortificants, containing, respectively, 77 and 59% of their weight as iodine. Molecular Weight: 419.812 g/mol. Potassium iodide has a variety of uses and has found its place in the food, medical and even cosmetic industry. The Physical Property fields include properties such as vapor pressure and boiling point, ... MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE; MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE, [SOLID] MERCURY POTASSIUM IODIDE (K2HGI4) It is an oxidizing agent, and as a result, it can cause fires if in contact with combustible materials or reducing agents. Under acidic conditions, KI is oxidised even more easily, due to … Potassium iodide (KI) is supplied as odorless, colorless to white cubical or hexahedral crystals, white granules or a powder. For SSKI, a solution more viscous than water, there are assumed to be 15 drops per mL; the iodide dose is therefore approximately 51 mg per drop. Researchers at the World Health Organization accurately located and counted the cancer victims from Chernobyl and were startled to find that "the increase in incidence [of thyroid cancer] has been documented up to 500 km from the accident site... significant doses from radioactive iodine can occur hundreds of kilometers from the site, beyond emergency planning zones. Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, I− is easily oxidised to I2 by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine: 2 KI( aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2 KCl + I2(aq) Even air will oxidize iodide as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when KI is rinsed with dichloromethane. It's Van der Waals radius measures to 0.235 nm. Iodine is a halogen that locates in group 17 of the periodic table of elements. The chemical symbol K comes from kalium, the Mediaeval Latin for potash, which may have derived from the arabic word qali, meaning alkali. [44], It was reported on March 16, 2011, that potassium iodide tablets were given preventively to U.S. (USCG, 1999) CAMEO Chemicals. In all these cases however, despite the risks, the prophylaxis benefits of intervention with iodide, iodate or perchlorate outweigh the serious cancer risk from radioiodine bioaccumulation in regions where radioiodine has sufficiently contaminated the environment. Iodine is a lustrous blue-black solid which volatizes at room temperature into a violet-blue gas with an irritating odor. 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