(2) The second relates to the functioning conditions of the diet, which determine which countries would be invited to join the confederation and which would be common expense contributions. 12, which is key to this type of regime, defines the representation in the assembly: To strengthen the ties that in the future must unite both States and to overcome any difficulty that may arise and disrupt their good correspondence and harmony, an assembly composed of two plenipotentiaries of each party will be formed on the same terms and with the same formalities in accordance with the usages established for the appointment of ministers of the same class near the governments of foreign nations (REZA, 2010, p. 31). “Here in Mexico, a document, a commitment, the creation of a Latin America and Caribbean body, it’s not the United States, it’s not Canada ... Now, from Mexico we can say that we have revived the dream and project of Bolivar,” President Chavez stated during the CELAC inauguration. (5) Borders will be inviolable and will take the existing boundaries as the point of departure (in the case of Greece) or the administrative borders of the colony before the beginning of the War of Independence (1810, in the Hispanic-American case). This type of organization may come to pass in some happier period of our regeneration. We knew that the monarchy of France, which is the foremost of monarchies; the anarchy of Germany, which is the foremost of anarchies; Spain, England, Poland, Sweden, which are, according to their historians, each in its kind, the foremost power of the universe, are all required to accede to the treaty of Jean-Jacques. [ Links ], WALLEZ, Jean Baptiste. [ Links ], MIER, Fray Servando Teresa de. The article in the Morning Chronicle reminds the manifesto juntista of April 27, 1810, in which the Caracas elite invited American juntas to “uphold the same principles of autonomy and to promote the great work of the Spanish-American Confederation”. Now more than ever — as a right-wing political shift in the region tries to do away with the leftist gains of the last years — the content of the Jamaica Letter, the calls toward a common identity which paves the way to regional unity and independence, is more urgent than ever to uphold and defend. Although the moment in time is still unfavorable for the patriot movement, Bolívar has no doubt that the former Spanish America will achieve its emancipation. HTTP ERROR 503 Problem accessing /api/processFulltextDocument. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, UNESP, Campus de Assis, Sources on the Amphictyonic league, and Saint Pierre’s Plan of confederacy (available before 1815), https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-436920170000000026, ­ Saint Pierre, Projet de paix perpétuelle, Simon Bolivar’s readings on both subjects. A transatlantic reading of Simón Bolívar's "Carta de Jamaica" ("Jamaica Letter"), written during his exile in Kingston in 1815, shows that he draws on the discursive connection between abolition and independence that Mill and others had made familiar to the British public in order to make his case for continued British support of the Latin American enterprise. Would to God that some day we may have the good fortune to convene there an august assembly of representatives of republics, kingdoms, and empires to deliberate upon the high interests of peace and war with the nations of the other three-quarters of the globe. 0. This document was written to an English gentleman, most likely the Governor of Jamaica at the time. Paris: Librairie J. Vrin, 1997. p. 25-40. Abstract: This paper presents a thematic comparative linguistic analysis between José Martí's "Nuestra América" and Simón Bolívar's "La carta de Jamaica". “Ordonnance du roi”, Paris, 1 April 17, 1825 (WALLEZ, 1826, p. 442-443). How beautiful it would be if the Isthmus of Panamá could be for us what the Isthmus of Corinth was for the Greeks! 4Bolívar to Juan Martín Pueyrredón, Angostura, June 12, 1818 (BOLÍVAR, 1964, v. II, p. 19). On Invention. Paris: Imprimerie de P. Didot l’Ainé, 1817. v. II, p. 48-62. There is no doubt that Bolívar consulted this text: in his Letter, he quotes a certain (José) “Guerra”, the pseudonym used by Mier to publish in 1813 the Historia de la Revolución de la Nueva España [History of the Revolution of the New Spain]. Dreams of an Honest Man, an anthology of the work of Saint-Pierre (1775, p. 171-194) does not mention the Project of Perpetual Peace; rather, it publishes parts of the Extract with a footer. (4) The fourth specifies the sanctions for the violators of confederal law, including the lifting of a confederal army. The Miscellaneous Works by Rousseau, published in Amsterdam in 1761, include the Extract without clarifying that it follows the work of another author (FERRARI, 1997, p. 28). In this way, CELAC builds upon the unifying dream of South American independence hero Simon Bolívar, who in his Carta de Jamaica of 1815 famously proposed a single government to unite Hispanoamérica. 1Vicente Lecuna lists the following versions: Austria, Larrazábal, Blanco and Azpurua, O’Leary, and Mendoza and Yanes. [ Links ], FERRARI, Jean. In the Paz de Zanjón (Peace of Zanjón) Spain tried to make some minor concessions that were rejected by the rebels. summary Es a nosotros, que constituimos a esa especie intermedia entre indios y españoles, a quienes corresponde hacer la independencia; y la haremos a pesar del abandono de una Europa que se muestra indiferente a nuestros sufrimientos y que nuevamente permite nos sacrifique, la vieja serpiente que es España. In addition to fighting against foreign invasion and economic domination, Bolivar's … [ Links ], ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. Article. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1967. v. I, III, IV and VII. But give us a Henri IV and a Sully [the proponent of the first plan of European Confederation], perpetual peace will become a reasonable project: or rather, let us admire a beautiful plan, but let us console ourselves for its non-realization, because this can be done only by violent and formidable resources (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 62). Les rêves d’un homme de bien, qui peuvent être réalisés; ou les vues utiles et pratiquables de M. L’Abbé de Saint-Pierre, choisies dans ce grand nombre de Projets singuliers, dont le bien public étoit le principe. Documentos sobre el Congreso anfictiónico de Panamá. 6Shortly before the Panama Congress, Haiti “buy” the diplomatic recognition of France for the astronomical sum of 150 million francs, later reduced to 60 million. Doutor em História e Filosofia pela Université de Toulouse - Le Mirail e Doutor em Ciências Econômicas pela Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne. Ferreira Gullar (b. Bolivar's historic document, which was a response to a letter, was written during his self-imposed exile in Jamaica and solidified the shared experience of colonialism and the quest for political independence between Caribbean nations and Latin America. The next unionist initiative, seeks to respond to the expansionist policy of United States. Sign In or Register to leave a comment, use the forums and more, Bolivar's 'Jamaica Letter' and Latin America-Caribbean Ties, He wrote the so-called “Jamaica Letter” in 1815, where he, Many of the 21st-century trends towards regional integration – evident in regional organizations. We judged that, being such a near neighbor of our dear cousin, we should have been named along with her; that the Great Turk neighbor of Hungary and of Naples, the king of Persia, similarly have the same rights, and that it would be doing a flagrant injustice to Japan to forget it in the general confederation (ROUSSEAU, 2005, p. 50). In addition to the classical literature, we should consider the books on political philosophy that Bolívar cited or that are found among his belongings. New Yok: The Ohio State University, 1966. The ideas outlined in the “Jamaica Letter” influenced the policies of several democratically-elected leaders including late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, to promote regional unity through the strengthening and joining of regional integration mechanisms such as ALBA and CELAC. Cartas de un americano 1811-1812. Although he refrains from adjectivizing the work of chimeric, it is not far from doing so: Thus, although the project was very wise, the means of executing it were influenced by the simplicity of the author. In this book (1749, p. 10-11 and 12-18), he defines Greek amphictyonies as a pact between “love for independence” of the city-states and the need to protect themselves through “a powerful and respected body”. The amphictyonic model is endorsed by Art. [ Links ], REZA, Germán A. El ciclo confederativo: Historia de la integración latinoamericana en el siglo XIX. In: ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. The preceding sections have aided in the justification of the hypothesis that Bolívar knew from good sources the history of the Greek League and was aware of Saint-Pierre’s project, particularly owing to Rousseau’s Extract. Polybius (2010, II 2-4, 45; IV 6, 9, 16, 25, 26, 27, 30, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65; V 5, 6, 14, 26, 27, 96, 97, 102, 107; IX 32-40, 41-42; XI 5, 4, 7; XIII 3; XVI 24; XVIII 2, 3, 10, 38, 46, 47; XX 4, 5, 9-11; XXI 25, 32; XXIII 18; XXVII 15; XXVIII 4; and XXXIX 1). “The bonds,” … Memorias del General O’Leary, I-XXXIV. The Carta de Jamaica was finished on September 6, 1815, in Kingston. BOLIVAR, Simon. The comments and opinions of Voltaire concerning the abbot have been studied by Perkins (1960, p. 152-163). That said, it is possible that the historians have mistaken Rousseau’s Extract and Saint-Pierre’s Project. 9However, this absence does not imply that he did not know about them. Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) is known as “the Liberator” of South America from Spanish colonial rule. The so-called Jamaica Letterwas written in 1815 during a self-imposed exile in Jamaica. This version is in the General Archive of Bogotá. But great was our imperial surprise when we searched in vain for our name in the list. Simn Bolvar and the fate of … In general terms, it was a balance of force achieved by the patriots in the years from 1810 to 1815. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1949. Actually, America is separated by climatic differences, geographic diversity, conflicting interest, and dissimilar characteristics. Perhaps this imprecision finds its roots in the understanding by historians that, here, Bolívar makes a qualitative leap forward with respect to the ideas he borrowed or because the documents of the time did not provide sufficient information. [ Links ], HAMILTON, Alexander; MADISON, James; JAY, John. Pensamiento Bolivariano. This work is a reaction to the summary of the Projet published by Rousseau in 1761, which he knows all too well: a copy of it was found in his private library at Ferney, now located in the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1937. Next to the paragraph in which the symbiosis Rousseau-Saint Pierre argues in favor of a European Confederation able to change the state of war that prevails among the countries of the continent into an “eternal peace”, Voltaire notes: chimeric (HAVENS, 1966, p. 35). 7. v. Caracas: Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela, 1964. Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States – were expressed in Bolivar’s vision of creating a unified Latin America based on the tenets of sovereignty and anti-colonialism. Resumen Colombia, proyecto integracionista y geoestratégico de Simón Bolívar, fue anunciado en la Carta de Jamaica y propuesto luego en el Discurso de Angostura. Appendix, Caracas: Imprenta de Damirón y Dupuy, 1833. v. XXI. The Political Thought of Bolivar: Selected Writings. Hispanic Americans still organized a conference in the capital of the Peru in 1865, frustrated by the political immaturity of the parliaments. It was addressed to “an English gentleman,” probably the island’s governor, the Duke of Manchester. “The Jamaican Letter” (1815) is one of his earliest and most important political essays on the course of South American independence. His first education (directed by Simón Rodríguez and, to a lesser extent, by Andrés Bello) includes the classics of antiquity, Spain, France, Italy, and England. Related Papers. Some historians consider that the Charter of Jamaica was one of the documents on which the independence of the Spanish colonies in Latin America was founded. This conclusion overlaps his well-known fondness for the Swiss philosopher, preferred above all others of his time (MIRAMÓN, 1959, p. 14-16), and the similarities between the “five fundamental articles” that synthesize Saint-Pierre’s doctrine (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 416-418) and the Bolivarian confederal treaty: (1) According to the first article, the governments should institute a perpetual and irrevocable alliance, with an assembly in which plenipotentiaries would meet and conflicts among members would be solved by arbitration or trial. From the island of Jamaica, he issued a letter analyzing the current and future perspectives of the independence struggle. Voltaire represents a problematic source. 17, which establishes that the perpetual confederation pact “shall not interrupt in any manner the exercise of national sovereignty” (REZA, 2010, p. 32). IOM seeks to recruit a qualified consultant to lead data management and revision for the creation of an online … The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1971. Chavez, one of the founders of ALBA, PetroCaribe and CELAC, relentlessly promoted regional unity and cooperation, even as these became objects of attacks from opposition groups at home. Simón Bolívar and the fate of the independencia as revolution in Spanish America Michael Zeuske, University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln, Germany) “Abolition of slavery was the key to Spanish American Independence.”1 The goal of life of Simon Bolivar was glory.2 Bolívar arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in May 1815. Œuvres complètes. However, there is no evidence to support this hypothesis. This movement is a landmark in the history of twentieth-century Brazilian art – in fact, it transformed discourses based on mediumspecificity into early contemporary experiments, whose radicalism and innovation … Bolívar to Francisco de Paula Santander, Arequipa, May 20, 1825 (BOLÍVAR, 1966, v. IV, p. 330). [ Links ], HAVENS, George R. Voltaire’s Marginalia on the Pages of Rousseau: A Comparative Study of Ideas. Estimated start and end date: January 2021 – March 2021. [ Links ], ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. [ Links ], PLUTARCH, Lucius Mestrius. Received: Cartas del Libertador. [ Links ], POLYBIUS. ”As soon as we are strong and under the guidance of a liberal nation which will lend us her protection, we will achieve accord in cultivating the virtues and talents that lead to glory. View Notes - The_Carta_de_Jamaica_1815._Simon_Bolivar (1) from HISTORY h3wx at The City College of New York, CUNY. For its organization, Simon Bolívar appeals to the amphictyonic assemblies of classical Greece and invokes the Pan-European project of the Abbe Saint Pierre. Despite its importance, historians are vague in this regard. [ Links ], USLAR PIETRI, Arturo; GRASES, Pedro. Let us agree that in all the projects of this honest man he saw the effect of things well enough when they were established, but he judged as a child the means of establishing them (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 447). 1, both countries decide to join, unite and federate “to support their independence and ensure their mutual prosperity”; Art. germandelareza@hotmail.com. 2For this study, two different versions of the “Reply of a Southern American to a gentleman of this Island” have been used: that by Daniel F. O'Leary (1981, I, p. 69-95) and that which appears contained in Cartas del Libertador [Letters of the Liberator] (BOLÍVAR, 1964, v. II, p. 215-235). La Carta de Jamaica es un texto de referencia en el programa bolivariano de emancipación de América. The analysis of 126 data sets is presented along with emerging trends and results. 13In July of this year, Caterina II of Russia acquired the entire library of Voltaire. It was published in 1749 by Gabriel de Mably, the same person who later advised Rousseau on the suitability of synthesizing the works of Saint-Pierre. The Continental Treaty signed in 1856 proposes a system of protection based on the same idea of a confederate defense. Ginebra: Compagnie des libraires, 1749. After the Grito de Yara in 1868, the first declaration of independence, Cuba was at war with Spain for ten years, which very much helped it to form a distinctive Cuban identity, but also had deep impacts on its economy. After this publication, the historian Guillermo Hernández de Alba sent to Lecuna an older version. 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